Meaning today: Procedure
Bind 57, del 2,
2022
, side 748-752
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Abstract
This study investigated the effect of catalyst type and washing procedures on theoxidationstability and cold flow propertiesbiodieselmade from castor oil. Castor oil was synthesized using two different catalysts;calciumoxide onglinkasupport (CaO-Al2O3) andpotassiumhydroxide (KOH) at 60 degrees˚C, molar ratio of methanol to oil 6:1 and catalyst loading 1 wt%. oil for 60 minutes. The obtained biodiesel was purified by washing with water and dry washing with ion exchange resin. Oxidation stability and cold fluidity of the produced biodiesel were determined (cloud point, pour point, cold filter plugging point and flow test at low temperatures). The results showed that the oxidation stability and cold flow properties of biodiesel are independent of washing methods, but vary depending on the type of catalyst. CaO-Al heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification2O3showed higher oxidation stability with an induction period of 4.4 h compared to 3.5 h for potassium hydroxide (KOH)-catalyzed biodiesel. However, the values obtained in this study were above the ASTM standard of at least 3 hours. In terms of cold flow properties, the KOH-catalyzed process showed better cold flow properties than CaO-Al2O3catalyzed biodiesel. From this study, it can be concluded that the biodiesel samples will show very good ignition properties when used in diesel engines with ignition in the low temperature range, due to their satisfactory cold flow properties.
Entrance
Biodiesel is an ecological, sustainable alternative fuel to crude oil. It is obtained by transesterification of vegetable or animal oils with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst [1], [2], [3]. The production of biodiesel from first-generation feedstocks such as edible seed oil has been criticized as a potential cause of the food crisis because it competes with the food supply. It was considered as a possible cause of shortage of cooking oil. Using cheaper second-generation raw materials, such as non-edible oils, is one of the techniques to reduce the cost of biodiesel production. Non-edible vegetable oils obtained from oil plants can potentially be a profitable feedstock for biodiesel production [4]. Conventional and commonly used homogeneous alkali-catalyzed transesterification using NaOH and KOH generates a large amount of wastewater as the process requires huge amounts of water for purification. These catalysts cannot be recycled and sometimes produce soap in the presence of more free fatty acids [4]. The high cost of biodiesel synthesis can be reduced by using a heterogeneous catalyst and cheap feedstock. Heterogeneous catalytic transesterification of vegetable oil provides a clean and efficient approach to convert low-quality feedstocks into high-quality biodiesel [5], [6]. Heterogeneous catalysts are characterized by easy recovery, tolerance to raw materials with a high content of free fatty acids, elimination of the risk of soap production and minimization of biodiesel leaching [7]. Of the various solid heterogeneous catalysts available, MgO, SrO, BaO and CaO are most commonly used for biodiesel production. However, the most commonly used heterogeneous catalyst is calcium oxide (CaO), which naturally results from its relative abundance and lower cost [8]. It has been recorded that calcium oxide impregnated with alumina increases the active site of the catalyst, activity, reduces catalyst leaching and facilitates separation from the glycerol phase and extends the lifetime of the catalyst [9], [10]. The reaction with this catalyst is also characterized by a shorter reaction time and easy to perform at a relatively lower reaction temperature [11]. Oxidation stability is used to predict the stability of biodiesel under normal storage conditions [12]. The presence of unsaturated alkyl esters, which are easily oxidized to aldehydes, ketones, esters, peroxides, alcohols and acids, is primarily responsible for the formation of insoluble resins and deposits, resulting in low oxidation stability [13]. The resulting acids cause an increase in the acid number, while the resulting alcohol lowers the ignition temperature of biodiesel [14]. Cold flow properties are important properties of biodiesel, especially in cold weather areas such as Russia and Canada. Three cold flow metrics used worldwide are cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), and cold filter plugging point (CFPP). However, field results in North America do not correspond well to these characteristics, making the Low Temperature Flow Test (LTFT) relevant in this region [15]. [16] blended biodiesel from different feedstocks to create blends with different fatty acid profiles and studied their oxidative stability and cold flow properties. [17] investigated the effect of storage time on the oxidative stability of biodiesel produced from different feed suppliers. [12] investigated the effect of the catalyst production process on the oxidative stability and cold flow properties of biodiesel produced from Jatropha curcas. According to [13], metal impurities reduce the oxidative stability of biodiesel/diesel blends, with copper having the greatest impact among the metals tested. [18] evaluated the effect of feedstock composition on biodiesel cold flow properties and oxidative stability, as well as the effect of treatment water acidity on these variables. Senra et al. [19] investigated the effect of glycerol derivative additives on the cold flow properties of biodiesel. The authors found that the additives act as diluents, stopping crystallization and improving properties. Bencheikh et al. [20] investigated the effect of blending diesel fuel with biodiesel from cooking waste on cold flow properties. The authors found that blending 80% diesel with 20% waste biodiesel for cooking reduced CP, PP and CFPP by 17, 21 and 21°C, respectively. Similarly, studies [21], [22] also showed cold flow of biodiesel from different vegetable oils.
castor plante (Ricinus L) is a family membermilk food. The plant is said to be cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In Nigeria, the plant is expected to grow well elsewhere in the northern region as a weed. The plant bears seeds that contain a significant amount of oil (55-69%). Castor seeds contain a large amount of highly toxic protein (ricin). Compared to other vegetable oils, castor oil has a high viscosity and excellent lubricity [23]. Castor oil is the vegetable oil ricinol. It has a molecular weight of 928.5 g/mol and consists of 89-90% ricinoleic acid. Due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in the oil, it is known to stabilize oxygen, prevent the formation of peroxides and inductively prevent oxidation reactions. Due to its high oxidative stability, castor oil is a feedstock for second-generation biodiesel with considerable commercial potential [17], [16]. To the best of the author's knowledge, no research has been conducted on the influence of the type of alkaline catalyst or the washing method on the oxidative stability and cold flow properties of castor biodiesel. The aim of the research is to investigate the influence of alkaline catalysts and the purification process on the oxidative stability and cold flow parameters of biodiesel obtained from castor oil.
Excerpt of section
Materials
Freshly extracted castor oil, CaO deposited on Al2O3catalyst was obtained from National Chemical Technology Research Institute (NARICT), Zaria. Analytical grade KOH beads are adopted. Castor oil was filtered through cheesecloth to remove insoluble impurities. Mixed ion exchange resin (indione) was purchased from Makurdi, Nigeria. KOH was chosen because of its solubility in methanol and is one of the most commonly used alkaline catalysts for homogenization
Transesterification
The produced oil was weighed (250 g) and placed in the reactor. It was then heated to a reaction temperature of 600˚C. To avoid loss of methanol due to evaporation, the reaction was carried out below the boiling point of methanol, 65°C.˚The catalyst was weighed (1 wt% oil) and dissolved in a calculated volume of methanol (mole ratio methanol to oil 6:1), which was then transferred to preheated oil and allowed to react at 60°C for 60 minutes with vigorous reaction. stirring. Follow
Characteristics of biodiesel
Properties of produced castor oil biodiesel samples are shown in Table 1. Iodine value (IV) is a measure of the biodiesel's total degree of unsaturation. Contains helpful tips to prevent various engine problems. The iodine number is based on the reactivity of the double alkyl bonds. A higher iodine value indicates the possibility of the formation of various decomposition products that can lead to poor lubrication and affect the operation of the engine
Fund
The paper investigated and successfully investigated the influence of the type of alkaline catalysts and purification techniques on the oxidative stability and cold-flowing biodiesel from castor oil. The biodiesel produced has a low iodine number (11.42–18.18 gI2/ 100g), saponification values. The high cetane numbers achieved (79.063 - 87.41) significantly exceed the minimum standard of 47. Viscosity 4.22 - 4.33 mm2/s is within the range of 1.9–6.0 mm2/S
CrediT author contribution statement
Faruk Aisha Abubakar:Steering.Umar Mohammed Garba:Steering.Mohammed Alhassan:Research and data storage.Usman Baro Abdullahi:Editing.Agi Damian Tyoor:Writing - Original draft.Abubakar Garba Isah:Writing - review and editing.
Declaration of conflict of interest
The authors confirm that they have no known financial interests or personal connections that could influence the work described in this article.
thank you
The authors acknowledge the support of the Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria, for providing an appropriate environment for laboratory analyses.
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Cited (0)
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